Iranian International Journal Of Social Sciences
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Summer 2011

The main default of this study creation and expand public sphere as the most important missions of the intellectual discourse has been called in developing countries. This default is the role of intellectual discourse decades 1960 and 1970 in drawing the political space and civil society concern in this essay. For this theoretical framework to investigate the historical- comparative approach and critical analysis model is designed. Followed by ideal types of intellectual, intellectual discourse and public sphere based on the theoretical framework for operational research the original concept was formed. Idea of expanding public sphere as independent variable has been evaluated in six prominent intellectuals. Thus first is presented a sociological analysis of social structure and relations in Iran social system. The concerns, challenges and ways to exit every thought have been studied. And in this review is analyze the position of public sphere in each intellectual discourse. In the final analysis, intellectual discourses often remains sterile due to the dominance anti-modernism thinking to creating and expanding public sphere in 1960 and 1970 decades, while public sphere is a special product of modernity.

Historical experiences of the western communities indicate that in practice, it was after the industrialization of the Europe that the women’s participation in public domains of production as a social necessity took form. Following that, the women’s attitudes towards the social positions and roles were also changed. The Iranian society never experienced such an introvert process of social-economic development. The existence of incongruous and unbalanced socio-economic structures in Iran paved grounds for women’s involvement with objective experiences and different mental world and sometimes conflicting one in connection with their social roles. For this reason, today, even women themselves are facing many ambiguities and conflicts in defining their social roles. The identification of factors and relationships in the process of formation of women’s attitude towards their social roles can strategically lead to the promotion of their participatory-seeking attitudes. At the same time, such an effort can help with the efficient use of existing human forces in the society. The pivotal issue in this study is that it seems the women living in the regions with a high socio-economic development has a more equality-oriented attitudes towards their social roles as compared with the women living in a low development region. For this purpose, a study comprising of a sample of 400 women with a settlement record of over 15 years in urban regions of Khuzestan province was performed. The findings of the research show that with reliance upon the theoretical elaborations and with reference to the practical findings of research, it can be said that the women’s attitudes living in developed cities has a meaningful difference in comparison with those of the women residing in undeveloped cities. At the same time, the results of statistical tests of this research indicate that there is also a meaningful difference among women’s attitudes with regard to the rate and nature of economic, social and cultural development of their city of residence.

Demand and willingness for travelling is rapidly increasing as trading, hobby and leisure....in the world. Increasing personal income, leisure times and changing attitude cause to develop tourism. Therefore tourism change to the social fact mean while rural tourism is the most important type of it. Today most of the countries received their per-capita income of rural tourism. Iran has a potential to become a pioneer country in tourism industry because of hospitality and kindness of the people in Iran. In this paper, Masoule village with unique architecture and attractive culture has been chosen in order to understand the effects of tourism from anthropological point of view. The data presented in this paper, have been collected through informal interviews, empirical observations.

The purpose of this article is study of cultural tourism challenges in the country and presentation of related strategies. The main questions are: what are the most important cultural tourism challenges? What are the managing strategies? At first, motivation factors in tourism are studied and effective criteria in choice of destination are classified. Then, cultural and tourist impressionability, cultural tourism types and cultural views of tourism are being reviewed and cultural-social impacts of tourism, consequences of cultural tourism and development ways of cultural tourism are being studied. The related strategies are presented at the end. The research method is descriptive analytical. The research results show that cultural tourism is impossible without attention to economic and social impacts and governments role in a scientific and practical planning.

As the social world changes, we need new concepts to understand it. The most important change in recent centuries has been the historical increase of consumption. Lifestyle and basic cultural values have changed in Iranian villages in the past half century. In fact, in Iranian villages, some sort of "Iranian rural modernity" has emerged. Therefore we of the present study have first investigated the term of lifestyle and its indicators, and then by using qualitative and quantitative methods, they have measured the effects of the spread of the pistachio orchards on the lifestyle of the villagers in the two connected villages, Hasanabad and Khalilabad of Sirjan in Kerman Province. In this study, theories of sociologists Bourdieu and Giddensare used to study lifestyle, and Ronald Ingle hart and other sociologists’ to analyze generational replacement. In qualitative research method, we have used rapid rural assessment, participatory approach, and semi-structured interviews. Interviews transcend walk, group discussion, and mapping were among the techniques used in this study. In quantitative part, 440 people from three generations living in the villages were sampled at random Research findings show that consistent with Bourdieu's “distinction theory” economic capitalist associated with lifestyle as the main hypothesis of the research. But the greatest impact is related to generation. As Bourdieu's theory, economic status does not determine the lifestyle changes.

In many developing countries, pressure exists from external interests who urge their allies to carry out development programs as part of an institutional overhaul or as a means of avoiding radical or revolutionary change. The goals of these programs presume that it is possible to eradicate or, at least, diminish social inequality. However, contrary to these expectations, development plans from above dose not effectively alter rural social structures, and, as such, brings socio-economic inequalities, as in the case of Iran. This work assesses the impact of rural development programs on Iranian peasants and examines some demographic and socio-economic dimensions of the country's rural community during recent decades. The present article goes on to evaluate the significance and implementation of 1960s & 1980s land reform laws, and the socio-economic effects of land redistribution on the Iranian peasantry's relation of production, land exploitation patterns, farming systems and rural class structure (i.e. the weakening of absentee landowners and the expansion of the rural petty bourgeoisie). The result shows that the fundamental problems of rural development plans in Iran are the following: a) Lack of a correct thinking on rural development. The reality is that despite defining idealistic, ambitious goals at the beginning of each plan, the planners and managers consider rural development as a process that makes villages similar to cities. b) Lack of a definite strategy for rural development, with clear definitions for development, rural development, and developed villages. Of course, this is a problem that can be seen in all development plans. c) Lack of a comprehensive approach towards rural development and existence of an abstract, non-systemic view of village and rural development. d) Lack of a single, umbrella organization that takes responsibility for rural development plans and projects.

The Objective of This Research was to investigate The Phenomenon of Violence in Iranian families. We wanted to show the expansion of This Phenomenon, its frequency, and its intensity in contemporary Iranian society. The Research was conducted in Tehran; Because, This big agglomeration is a melting pot; we can find in it Individuals from all regions. The method of research was survey; and the universe was composed of families, living in Tehran, with Husband and wife and at least one child between 7 to 20 years old. The sample Size was 1521 families. The results suggest that approximately one family out of five experience domestic violence; from The Perspective of severity, we find that only 12 percent of the beaten women declare a mild violence at home. From The Perspective of factors Influencing violence against women at home, we found that education of husband has a significant impact on the phenomenon.

This present article aimed to study the difficulties and obstacles for using digital information resources and libraries in the social science groups of Islamic Azad University, and to study the status of faculty members’ skills at these departments. The 40 individuals working in the social science departments of Islamic Azad University in Iran were surveyed by a questionnaire consisting of 34 questions and the collected data has been analyzed using SPSS software (version 16). It was also found that the most important difficulties are the lack of suitable equipment and insufficient training programs. In other words, the multimedia nature of digital information resources requires researchers and faculty members with the ability of combining the services of both traditional and digital skills. Service integration is a required characteristic of such environments. It is expected that with improving of the skills and the solving of the problems highlighted, through suitable training programs, faculty members and researches will contribute more actively and effectively in using digital information resources in the surveyed groups.